Working Principle of a Shearing Machine
Release time：2026-03-23
I. Core Structure (Bevel-Edge Shearing Machine)
- aircraft body : Welded/cast rigid frame to withstand shear reaction forces.
- Tool Holder and Cutting Tool The upper blade is mounted on a pivoting knife holder, while the lower blade is fixed to the worktable; the gap is adjustable, typically set at 5%–8% of the plate thickness.
- Pressing mechanism : Clamp the sheet material securely before cutting to prevent slippage and warping.
- Rear stop : Precisely position the shear length.
- Transmission system : The tool post is driven vertically by either a mechanical (crank-and-rod) or hydraulic (hydraulic cylinder) mechanism.
- Return mechanism : Mechanical systems rely on counterweights or springs; hydraulic systems typically use nitrogen for return, offering fast speed and minimal impact.
II. Complete Workflow (Using a Hydraulic Gate as an Example)
- Material Feeding Positioning Place the sheet on the workbench and use the rear stop to set the dimension.
- Press tightly : The pressure cylinder/presser foot descends first to firmly clamp the sheet material.
- Cut : The main hydraulic cylinder drives the tool holder and upper blade to descend rapidly; the upper and lower blades then perform shearing, causing the sheet metal to fracture along the shear line.
- Return trip : Cutting is complete, hydraulic pressure is relieved, and the knife holder rapidly returns to its original position driven by nitrogen, a spring, or counterweights.
- Unloading / Circulation : Release the clamping pressure, remove the workpiece, and prepare for the next cutting operation.
III. Comparison of Two Mainstream Transmission Principles
1. Mechanical Drive Shearing Machine
- Power Path : Motor → Belt / Gear → Eccentric Shaft / Crankshaft → Connecting Rod → Reciprocating Up-and-Down Motion of the Tool Holder.
- Characteristics : Fast speed, simple structure, and low cost; suitable for thin sheets and small-to-medium batch production; shear force is relatively fixed.
2. Hydraulic shear (most commonly used)
- Power Path : Motor → hydraulic pump → high-pressure oil → main cylinder → drives the tool post downward; return stroke is achieved via nitrogen or hydraulic return.
- Characteristics : Large shearing force, smooth operation, low noise, and stepless speed regulation; suitable for thick plates and heavy-duty shearing; excellent overload protection.
IV. Key Process Points
- Blade clearance : Precisely adjust according to plate thickness and material; excessive clearance can lead to tearing and significant burring, while insufficient clearance can cause chipping and high resistance.
- Pressing force : Typically, the shear force is 5%–10% to ensure that the sheet does not shift or warp.
- Advantages of a Beveled Edge : The upper blade is tilted, enabling point-by-point cutting and significantly reducing the required shearing force and motor power.
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